Which utilities want your load — and on what terms
A perfect site still dies on the utility. This is how 87 utilities that matter for large load treat a datacenter: their posture, the MW threshold where special terms begin, and — for the 20 with a public large-load tariff or order — the minimum take, contract term and collateral that follow. Every site page and vet shows the entry for the utility that serves the point; Watchtower emails when an entry changes. As of 2026-09-18.
How to read this: posture is how the utility and its regulator have treated large load in filings and press; speed is the structural time to energize in that market (ERCOT connect-and-manage is fast, PJM is slow regardless of the utility). Minimum take is the share of contracted demand you pay for whether you use it or not. Terms marked “verify” are transcribed from public dockets and should be read in the filing before they go in a pro forma.
| Utility | Posture | Speed | Terms from | Min take | Term | Tariff / order |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AEP Texas / TNMP (ERCOT) ERCOT connect-and-manage; SB 6 obligations above 75 MW. South Texas 138 kV corridor is the most-congested part of ERCOT — captive power sits here. | favorable | fast | 75 MW | — | — | SB 6 large-load provisions (≥75 MW) interconnection cost-sharing; curtailment acceptance Texas SB 6 (2025) · statute · verify |
AES Indiana Indianapolis; IURC-approved large-load terms; Indiana DC incentives. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Alabama Power Southern Co. subsidiary; supportive PSC, fast vertically integrated interconnection. | favorable | fast | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Alliant Energy (WI / IA) Supportive; Iowa large-load contracts (Meta Altoona, Google Council Bluffs via MidAmerican). | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Big Rivers co-ops (KY) Western Kentucky; Big Rivers G&T marketing surplus capacity to large loads. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Black Hills Energy (SD / WY / CO) Wyoming and South Dakota supportive; small system, capacity additions needed for large loads. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
CenterPoint Houston (ERCOT) ERCOT connect-and-manage; SB 6 obligations above 75 MW; Houston-area 138/345 kV capacity is being built out for large load. | favorable | fast | 75 MW | — | — | SB 6 large-load provisions (≥75 MW) interconnection cost-sharing; curtailment acceptance Texas SB 6 (2025) · statute · verify |
City Utilities of Springfield (MO) Municipal with own generation; SPP; supportive. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Cleco (LA) Louisiana supportive (Meta Richland precedent); MISO South. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Consumers Energy (MI) Michigan 2025 DC sales/use-tax exemption; large-load contracts with minimum take; MISO. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | 15 yr | Large-load contract terms; MI DC sales/use-tax exemption (2025) contract-specific · exit: contract-specific MPSC U-21585 (2025) · approved · verify |
CPS Energy (San Antonio) Municipal ERCOT utility actively contracting large load; SB 6 applies above 75 MW. | favorable | fast | 75 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Dominion Energy South Carolina SC PSC supportive; SERC interconnection. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
DTE Electric (MI) Michigan DC tax exemption; DTE contracting multi-GW hyperscale (Saline Township); MISO. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | 15 yr | Large-load contract terms; MI DC tax exemption (2025) contract-specific · exit: contract-specific MPSC U-21860 (2025) · approved · verify |
Duke Energy Indiana Indiana courting DCs (Amazon New Carlisle, Google Fort Wayne); IURC large-load contract terms. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Duquesne Light (Pittsburgh) Pittsburgh region courting DCs (Homer City redevelopment nearby); PJM queue is the constraint. | favorable | slow | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Entergy (AR / MS / TX) Vertically integrated, courting hyperscale (AWS Mississippi, Google Arkansas); MISO South interconnection. | favorable | fast | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Entergy Louisiana Meta Richland Parish (2+ GW) approved with dedicated gas generation; LPSC supportive; large-load contracts carry minimum bills. | favorable | fast | 50 MW | — | 15 yr | Large-load contracts with dedicated generation (Meta Richland Parish) minimum bills covering new generation · exit: contract-specific LPSC U-37425 (Aug 2025) · approved · verify |
Evergy (KS / MO) Large Load Power Service tariff (≥75 MW) approved 2025; Kansas/Missouri incentives; Meta Kansas City. | favorable | medium | 75 MW | 80% | 12 yr | Large Load Power Service (LLPS, ≥75 MW) security proportional to contract demand · exit: minimum bill through term KCC 25-EKCE-207-TAR / MO PSC (2025) · approved · verify |
Florida Power & Light Large-load contract service tariff (2025) for ≥50 MW with minimum bills; FL PSC supportive; fast build-out. | favorable | fast | 50 MW | 90% | 20 yr | Large Load Contract Service (LLCS, ≥50 MW) security for stranded-cost protection · exit: minimum bill through term FL PSC 20250011-EI (2025 rate case) · approved · verify |
Georgia Power Actively courting large load; PSC 2025 rules let ≥100 MW customers carry their own generation/transmission costs under long-term contracts. Fast vertically integrated interconnection. | favorable | fast | 100 MW | — | 15 yr | PSC large-load rules (≥100 MW): direct-pay contracts customer bears generation/transmission cost under contract · exit: contract-specific GA PSC Docket 55378 (Jan 2025 rules) · approved · verify |
Grand River Dam Authority (OK) State authority serving Google Pryor; actively courting large load. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Grant County PUD (WA) Hydro-rich public utility; Quincy DC cluster; large-load rate schedule with new-load surcharge. | favorable | medium | 20 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Idaho Power Large-load Schedule 20 (≥20 MW) with contract terms; Meta Kuna; cheap hydro. | favorable | medium | 20 MW | — | — | Schedule 20 (≥20 MW speculative high-density load) security; curtailment provisions IPUC IPC-E-24-07 (2025) · approved · verify |
JEA (Jacksonville) Municipal; Jacksonville courting DCs; large-load contracts with minimum bills. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
MidAmerican Energy (IA) Berkshire utility with deep wind; long history with Google/Meta/Microsoft in Iowa. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Mississippi Power Southern Co.; SERC; supportive. | favorable | fast | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Montana-Dakota Utilities (ND / SD / MT) North Dakota actively courting DCs (Applied Digital); MISO/SPP seams; cheap power, cold climate. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Nebraska public power All-public-power state; OPPD/NPPD serve Meta, Google, Microsoft in the Omaha corridor; SPP. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
NIPSCO GenCo structure to serve data centers with dedicated generation; northern Indiana is an active hyperscale cluster. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
NorthWestern Energy (MT / SD) Montana courting DCs (2025 tax law) and NorthWestern has proposed large-load tariffs; cold climate, cheap land; transmission is the limit. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
NV Energy Clean Transition Tariff for large loads; northern Nevada (Reno/TRIC) actively developed. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | — | Clean Transition Tariff (large loads) contract-specific · exit: contract-specific PUCN 24-05007 (2025) · approved · verify |
Oncor (ERCOT) ERCOT connect-and-manage; ~1.5–3 yr to energize. SB 6 (2025): ≥75 MW loads accept emergency curtailment and interconnection cost-sharing; Oncor reports 100+ GW of large-load requests. | favorable | fast | 75 MW | — | — | ERCOT connect-and-manage + SB 6 large-load provisions (≥75 MW) interconnection cost-sharing; ERCOT emergency curtailment acceptance Texas SB 6 (2025); PUCT rulemaking 2026 · statute · verify |
PPL Electric (PA) Pennsylvania courting DCs (Amazon Susquehanna); PPL has 10+ GW of large-load requests; PJM queue is the constraint. | favorable | slow | 100 MW | — | — | Large-load tariff proposal (≥100 MW): minimum take, collateral proposed · exit: proposed PA PUC (2025–26 large-load proceeding) · pending · verify |
PSO / OG&E (Oklahoma) SPP; Oklahoma courting DCs (Google Pryor, Stillwater); large-load contracts. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Rocky Mountain Power (PacifiCorp UT / WY / ID) Utah 2025 large-load law lets DCs contract directly for generation; Wyoming supportive. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Santee Cooper State-owned; actively marketing large-load capacity. | favorable | fast | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Tampa Electric / Duke Florida Supportive PSC; large-load provisions with minimum bills. | favorable | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Texas co-ops (ERCOT) ERCOT connect-and-manage applies through the co-op's TSP; SB 6 above 75 MW; several (Pedernales, CoServ) sit in fast-growing corridors. | favorable | fast | 75 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
TVA Federal power authority courting DCs (xAI Memphis); large loads pay infrastructure costs above 50 MW; fast. | favorable | fast | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
TVA distributors (TN co-ops & munis) TVA large-load provisions apply; TVA distributors host xAI, Meta and Google projects. | favorable | fast | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
TVA local power companies TVA distributors; TVA large-load provisions apply. | favorable | fast | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
We Energies (WI) Microsoft Mount Pleasant; very-large-customer tariff with minimum bills; MISO. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | 10 yr | Very Large Customer (VLC) tariff security + minimum bills · exit: minimum bill through term PSCW 5-UR-110 (2025) · approved · verify |
WEC Energy (WPS / UPPCO) WEC subsidiaries; Wisconsin supportive (Microsoft, Meta); UP of Michigan less so. | favorable | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
West Virginia (Black Diamond / Mon Power) West Virginia 2025 HB 2014 microgrid/DC law; supportive PSC; PJM interconnection is the constraint. | favorable | slow | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
AEP Ohio PUCO-approved data-center tariff: ≥25 MW loads pay for 85% of contracted demand for up to 12 years, with exit fees; incentive pause in 2026. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | 85% | 12 yr | Data Center Tariff (≥25 MW) proof of financial viability + exit fees · exit: up to remaining minimum charges PUCO 24-508-EL-ATA, approved July 2025 · approved · verify |
AES Ohio PJM; Ohio large-load tariff terms; Dayton/Central Ohio DC growth. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Ameren Missouri Large primary service tariff with minimum demand for ≥100 MW; MISO interconnection. | moderate | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Appalachian Power (AEP, VA / WV) AEP large-load tariff model (minimum demand, exit fees); West Virginia 2025 microgrid/DC law is favorable. | moderate | slow | 70 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
APS / SRP (Arizona) Massive Phoenix DC cluster; large-load tariffs and water scrutiny; 2026 legislative limits on exemptions. | moderate | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Austin Energy Municipal; ERCOT interconnection but city climate goals and rate design scrutiny for large loads. | moderate | fast | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Avangrid (CMP / Versant / NYSEG / RG&E) Avangrid/Iberdrola; NY and Maine large-load requests need PSC-supervised studies; Micron cluster is in National Grid territory, not here. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Avista (WA / ID) Vertically integrated; Spokane-area interest; Washington CETA constraints; capacity-constrained but faster than the coast. | moderate | medium | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
CenterPoint Indiana (SIGECO) Evansville area; MISO; large-load contract terms with minimum bills. | moderate | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Central Hudson (NY) Hudson Valley; NYISO; PSC-supervised large-load studies. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Colorado Springs Utilities Municipal; WECC; large-load contracts case by case. | moderate | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
ComEd / Ameren Illinois Illinois DC sales-tax exemption; ComEd (PJM) capacity prices and PJM queue slow large-load energization. | moderate | slow | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Dominion Energy Virginia GS-5 large-load rate (≥25 MW): ~14-year contract, minimum demand charges and collateral; largest DC market in the world but PJM interconnection is the slowest in the US and Dominion has a multi-GW connection backlog. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | 85% | 14 yr | Schedule GS-5 (large general service, ≥25 MW) ~$1.5M/MW security or equivalent · exit: minimum-demand charges survive early termination VA SCC PUR-2024-00187 (2025 biennial review); effective 2027 · approved · verify |
Duke Energy Carolinas / Progress Large-load tariff with minimum-take and contract terms; NC/SC PSCs supportive but Duke's interconnection queue for load is growing fast. | moderate | medium | 100 MW | — | 10 yr | Large Load Customer terms (≥100 MW): minimum bills, contract demand contract-specific security · exit: contract-specific NCUC E-7/E-2 large-load provisions (2025) · approved · verify |
Duke Energy Ohio / Kentucky Cincinnati region; PJM; Ohio large-load tariff terms comparable to AEP Ohio. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
El Paso Electric / PNM WECC; New Mexico DC projects growing; water and transmission constraints. | moderate | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Eversource (CT / MA / NH) ISO-NE; high rates and capacity prices; Connecticut and Massachusetts offer DC incentives (CT 2024 law) but interconnection is study-heavy. | moderate | slow | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
EWEB (OR) Municipal; Oregon POWER Act large-load class applies. | moderate | medium | 20 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Exelon Maryland / DC (BGE, Pepco, Delmarva) PJM; Maryland Next Generation Energy Act (2025) adds large-load obligations; Frederick/Quantum Loophole cluster. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | — | — | Next Generation Energy Act large-load provisions per statute · exit: per statute MD HB 1035 (2025) · statute · verify |
FirstEnergy (OH / PA / WV / MD) PJM; Ohio data-center tariff obligations mirror AEP Ohio; Pennsylvania/West Virginia legs supportive. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Green Mountain Power (VT) Small system, ISO-NE, renewable mandates; limited large-load headroom. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Imperial Irrigation District (CA) Own balancing authority outside CAISO; geothermal/solar; limited transmission headroom. | moderate | medium | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Indiana Michigan Power (AEP) Large-load tariff (≥70 MW): 80% minimum demand for 12 years, exit fees — the AEP Ohio model. | moderate | medium | 70 MW | 80% | 12 yr | Large Load / Industrial Power tariff (≥70 MW) financial security keyed to contract demand · exit: 3-year exit notice + remaining minimums IURC 45925 (settlement approved Feb 2025) · approved · verify |
LG&E / KU (Kentucky) Kentucky 2025 DC incentives; large-load contracts; SERC. | moderate | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Minnesota Power Northern Minnesota; MISO; industrial base; Minnesota large-load statute applies. | moderate | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
National Grid (upstate NY) Upstate NY hydro and Micron cluster; NYISO interconnection and state siting rules; statewide moratorium proposal pending. | moderate | slow | 20 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
New Jersey IOUs (PSE&G / JCP&L / ACE) PJM capacity-price shock drove 2025 rate hikes; BPU scrutiny of large loads; NJ DC incentive program. | moderate | slow | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Old Dominion co-ops (NOVEC / REC / Choptank) NOVEC serves part of Loudoun's DC corridor; ODEC-supplied co-ops; PJM/Dominion transmission is the constraint. | moderate | slow | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
PacifiCorp (OR / UT / WY) Oregon POWER Act (2025) puts large loads in their own rate class; Utah and Wyoming supportive. | moderate | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
PECO (PA) PJM; Philadelphia-area capacity tight; large-load provisions. | moderate | slow | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Portland General Electric Oregon POWER Act: large-load customers pay full cost; Hillsboro cluster capacity-constrained. | moderate | slow | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Puget Sound Energy Washington CETA obligations; large-load tariff in development; Quincy/Grant County PUD is the DC hub instead. | moderate | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
SMUD Municipal; lower rates than PG&E; Sacramento-area DCs exist; 2030 zero-carbon goal shapes terms. | moderate | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Southern California Edison CAISO; Inland Empire cluster; large-load studies and CPUC oversight slow energization; strong incentives absent. | moderate | slow | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Tucson Electric / UNS Arizona; Tucson-area DC projects (Project Blue) drew local opposition and water scrutiny in 2025. | moderate | medium | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Washington PUDs & munis Cheap hydro but large-load caps and new-load rate schedules (Chelan, Douglas, Grant); BPA transmission is the constraint; CETA obligations. | moderate | medium | 20 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Xcel Energy (MN / WI / TX-NM via SPS) Minnesota 2025 large-load law: DCs pay their own way, no cost shift; Xcel building for Meta/Microsoft. | moderate | medium | 100 MW | — | — | Minnesota large-load statute (2025): DCs pay own costs, no cross-subsidy per-contract · exit: per-contract MN HF 16 (2025 special session) · statute · verify |
Xcel Energy Colorado Large-load tariff filed; WECC vertically integrated; water and clean-energy mandates shape terms. | moderate | medium | 100 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Con Edison (NYC) NYISO Zone J: constrained transmission, highest delivery rates in the US, and New York's DC moratorium bill; captive power exists but siting is hard. | restrictive | slow | 20 MW | — | — | Standby / large-load service; NYISO Zone J n/a NY PSC; statewide DC moratorium bill pending (2026) · pending · verify |
Hawaiian Electric Islanded grid, highest US rates; no large-load headroom. | restrictive | slow | 10 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
LADWP Municipal, capacity-constrained, long interconnection lead times. | restrictive | slow | 25 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Pacific Gas & Electric (CA) CAISO permitting friction, Rule 30 large-load interconnection with long lead times, high delivery rates; PG&E has a multi-GW data-center pipeline but energization dates run 2028+. | restrictive | slow | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
San Diego Gas & Electric Highest retail rates in the continental US; little large-load headroom. | restrictive | slow | 50 MW | — | — | no public large-load tariff on record — state posture applies |
Co-ops, municipals and public power — state defaults
Where no utility above serves a site, the co-op, municipal or public-power district inherits the state's transmission reality and the generation-and-transmission cooperative that supplies most of them. Coarser than a curated entry and shown as “state default” on the site; add a named entry when a specific utility matters.
| State | Utility type | Posture | Speed | Why |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AK | cooperative | restrictive | slow | Railbelt and village co-ops; islanded, high cost. |
| AL | cooperative | favorable | fast | PowerSouth / TVA supplied; supportive state. |
| AR | cooperative | favorable | medium | Arkansas Electric Cooperative Corp; supportive state (Google). |
| AZ | cooperative | moderate | medium | AEPCO members; water and transmission limits. |
| CA | cooperative | moderate | slow | Small California co-ops; CAISO. |
| CA | municipal | moderate | medium | California munis (Anaheim, Riverside, Pasadena): lower rates than IOUs, limited headroom. |
| CA | political subdivision | moderate | medium | California irrigation/utility districts; outside CAISO in places. |
| CO | cooperative | moderate | slow | Tri-State G&T members; contract and exit-fee friction; WECC transmission constrained. |
| FL | cooperative | favorable | medium | Seminole Electric members; supportive state. |
| FL | municipal | favorable | medium | FMPA munis; supportive. |
| GA | cooperative | favorable | fast | Oglethorpe/Georgia Transmission EMCs; GA PSC large-load rules apply. |
| IA | cooperative | favorable | medium | Iowa co-ops (CIPCO, Corn Belt); supportive state. |
| ID | cooperative | favorable | medium | Idaho supportive; BPA/Idaho Power supplied. |
| IL | cooperative | moderate | medium | Downstate co-ops (Southern Illinois Power, Prairie Power) in MISO; Illinois DC tax exemption. |
| IN | cooperative | favorable | medium | Hoosier / Wabash Valley members; supportive state. |
| KS | cooperative | favorable | medium | Sunflower / KEPCo; SPP; Kansas incentives. |
| KY | cooperative | moderate | medium | East Kentucky Power Cooperative members; Kentucky 2025 DC incentives; limited transmission in the east. |
| LA | cooperative | favorable | medium | Louisiana supportive; MISO South. |
| MD | cooperative | moderate | slow | SMECO / Choptank; PJM; Maryland Next Generation Energy Act. |
| MI | cooperative | favorable | medium | Wolverine members; Michigan DC tax exemption. |
| MN | cooperative | moderate | medium | Great River Energy / Minnkota members; Minnesota large-load statute. |
| MO | cooperative | favorable | medium | Associated Electric Cooperative members; supportive state. |
| MS | cooperative | favorable | medium | Cooperative Energy / TVA supplied; supportive state (AWS). |
| MT | cooperative | favorable | medium | Basin members; Montana 2025 DC law. |
| MT | not available | favorable | medium | Montana; supportive state. |
| NC | cooperative | moderate | medium | NC EMCs supplied by Duke; large-load contracts case by case. |
| ND | cooperative | favorable | medium | Basin Electric / Minnkota; North Dakota courting DCs. |
| NE | not available | favorable | medium | Nebraska public power; supportive. |
| NE | political subdivision | favorable | medium | Public power districts supplied by NPPD; supportive state. |
| NM | cooperative | moderate | slow | Tri-State members; sparse transmission. |
| NV | political subdivision | favorable | medium | Nevada supportive; power districts supplied via NV Energy/CRC. |
| NY | municipal | moderate | slow | NYPA-allocated munis; NYISO constraints. |
| OH | cooperative | moderate | slow | Buckeye Power members; Ohio large-load tariff climate; PJM. |
| OK | cooperative | favorable | medium | Western Farmers / KAMO; SPP; supportive state. |
| OR | cooperative | moderate | medium | BPA-supplied; Oregon POWER Act. |
| PA | cooperative | moderate | slow | Allegheny Electric Cooperative members; PJM queue; rural. |
| SC | cooperative | favorable | medium | Central Electric / Santee Cooper supplied; supportive. |
| SD | cooperative | favorable | medium | East River / Basin; supportive. |
| TN | cooperative | favorable | fast | TVA distributors; TVA large-load provisions. |
| TN | municipal | favorable | fast | TVA distributors; TVA large-load provisions. |
| TX | cooperative | favorable | fast | ERCOT connect-and-manage through the co-op's TSP (Oncor/AEP/CenterPoint); SB 6 above 75 MW. Panhandle co-ops are SPP. |
| TX | municipal | favorable | fast | ERCOT municipal; SB 6 above 75 MW. |
| UT | cooperative | favorable | medium | Utah 2025 large-load law; Deseret members. |
| VA | cooperative | moderate | slow | ODEC members; PJM/Dominion transmission constraint. |
| WA | cooperative | moderate | medium | BPA-supplied co-ops; capacity limited. |
| WA | political subdivision | moderate | medium | PUDs: cheap hydro, large-load caps, BPA transmission. |
| WI | cooperative | favorable | medium | Dairyland members; supportive state. |
| WV | cooperative | favorable | slow | West Virginia supportive law; PJM. |
| WY | cooperative | favorable | medium | Wyoming supportive (crypto/DC laws); Basin Electric / Tri-State supply. |
Curated from public tariff filings, commission orders and utility statements; a screening signal, not legal advice. Service territories from HIFLD / EIA-861; a site's utility is the investor-owned utility whose territory contains it, else the largest co-op or municipal. Utilities not listed inherit their state's posture.