Data sources and standards

Every transmission constraint that bound in real-time dispatch, with its shadow price.

As of

rolling; folded in weekly

Updated

every 5 minutes (kept ~7 days by ERCOT; GridCensus accumulates)

Binding transmission constraints in PJM's real-time market and their marginal value.

As of

monthly refresh

Updated

hourly

Daily binding constraints in MISO's real-time market with shadow prices.

As of

monthly refresh

Updated

daily

Constraints limiting NYISO's real-time dispatch.

As of

monthly refresh

Updated

daily

Binding constraints in SPP's real-time balancing market.

As of

monthly refresh

Updated

every 5 minutes

Shadow prices on binding constraints in CAISO's real-time market.

As of

monthly refresh

Updated

every 5 minutes

Every open baseline and network upgrade in PJM's Regional Transmission Expansion Plan, with cost and in-service date.

As of

Oct 2026

Updated

monthly

SPP's approved transmission projects with status, cost and need date.

As of

latest quarterly report

Updated

quarterly

Planned transmission projects in ERCOT by county, with in-service dates (no costs).

As of

Jul 2026

Updated

quarterly

ISO-NE's planned and proposed transmission projects with cost and status.

As of

Jun 2026

Updated

about three times a year

New projects in MISO's Transmission Expansion Plan (MTEP25).

As of

MTEP25

Updated

annual

Only MTEP25 new projects are public; MISO's full list needs a member login.

Proposed transmission facilities in New York.

As of

2026 Gold Book

Updated

annual

Transmission projects approved in CAISO's planning process.

As of

Jul 2025 (newest posted)

Updated

annual

Active generation and storage interconnection requests: size, fuel, county, point of interconnection, request date.

As of

Sep 2026

Updated

refreshed monthly

Placed at county centroids; generation and storage only (large-load queues are not public).

All-in unit costs (2026 $) for lines, substation positions and transformers, averaged across MISO states.

As of

Jun 2026

Updated

annual

The utility's own figure for new load each feeder and distribution substation can take without upgrades.

As of

Oct 2026

Updated

utility-specific (monthly to annual)

Distribution scale; not transmission capacity for a large campus.

Wholesale energy prices at each market's zones and hubs, averaged.

As of

2024 annual averages

Updated

annual refresh

A zone or hub average, not the price at the site's node; a load's delivered cost also includes capacity, transmission and the utility's retail tariff.

Every US power plant ≥1 MW: location, capacity, technology, balancing authority.

As of

2025 data

Updated

annual

Retail electricity sales, revenue and rates by utility; the basis of service-territory maps.

As of

2024 data

Updated

annual

Resident population by county.

As of

Vintage 2024

Updated

annual

Address to coordinates, and coordinates to county and state.

As of

live

Updated

live

County natural-hazard risk across 18 hazards.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

periodic

Fiber providers reported per county.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

semiannual

Generators that owners report as planned, with expected online date and capacity.

As of

2026 monthly read

Updated

monthly

Routes of US natural gas transmission pipelines.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

irregular

Pipeline routes only; capacity available to a new customer comes from the pipeline operator.

Flood zone at the point, and whether it lies in a Special Flood Hazard Area (the 1%-annual-chance floodplain).

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

continuous (map revisions)

Land cover class at the point (developed, forest, cropland, wetland...).

As of

NLCD 2021

Updated

every 2–3 years

County employment and average wages by industry (construction, information).

As of

2024 annual

Updated

quarterly; annual file used

Average cooling and heating degree days and mean temperature.

As of

1991–2020 normals

Updated

every 10 years

Applied as state averages, not at the site.

Brownfield properties that received EPA assessment or cleanup grants.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

continuous

Contaminated lands, landfills and mine sites screened for energy redevelopment.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

annual

Nearby Superfund (NPL) and RCRA hazardous-waste sites.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

continuous

Public water systems: location, size and source type.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

quarterly

County water withdrawals by source and use.

As of

2015 (latest county release)

Updated

every 5 years

Designated critical habitat and mapped wetlands at the point.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

continuous

Mapped wetlands are a screen; a jurisdictional delineation decides.

Public and protected land ownership: federal, state, tribal, conservation easement.

As of

PAD-US 4.0

Updated

periodic

Average farm real-estate value per acre by county.

As of

2022 Census of Agriculture / latest survey

Updated

annual (state), 5-yearly (county)

Farmland value, not industrial land; a floor for raw-land cost.

Rail lines, used here as a proxy for long-haul fiber, which mostly follows rail rights-of-way.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

annual

Federal properties reported as excess or underutilized.

As of

FY2024

Updated

annual

Closed and abandoned surface mines.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

weekly

Census tracts and areas that qualify for the IRA energy-community tax-credit bonus.

As of

2024 designation

Updated

annual

The 8,764 census tracts designated as Opportunity Zones.

As of

2018 designation

Updated

fixed

Federally designated energy corridors and solar leasing areas.

As of

Dec 2024 (NIETC phase 3)

Updated

irregular

Hourly and annual peak demand by planning area and its growth.

As of

PUDL v2024.11

Updated

annual

Every queue request since 2000 with outcome, used for wait times and completion rates.

As of

data through 2024

Updated

annual

Routes, voltages, owners and endpoint substations of US transmission lines.

As of

Jun 29, 2026

Updated

irregular

A compilation: owners, voltages and status can lag real upgrades. Line ratings are voltage-class estimates.

Substation locations and maximum/minimum voltage.

As of

Jun 29, 2026

Updated

irregular

Many records are unnamed tap points; owners are derived from connecting lines.

Which utility serves each location.

As of

Sep 2026 read

Updated

annual

Baseline water stress.

As of

Aqueduct 4.0

Updated

periodic

Existing datacenter facilities, operators and footprints.

As of

Oct 2026 (deduplicated)

Updated

refreshed with each data release

Satellite-tracked frontier AI campuses: owner, off-taker, power.

As of

Oct 2026 read

Updated

ongoing

County, city and township datacenter moratoria with dates.

As of

monthly refresh

Updated

monthly

Satellite and aerial imagery.

As of

varies by area

Updated

varies

Recent local news about the place.

As of

live

Updated

live

Internet exchange points, colocation facilities and the networks present at each, as entered by the operators themselves.

As of

Oct 2026 read

Updated

live; refreshed monthly

Self-reported by networks; presence lists can lag.

Mapped long-haul and middle-mile fiber routes; distance to the nearest one.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

periodic

Public maps show a fraction of fiber; carriers' own route maps are the authority.

Broadband providers by ZIP code.

As of

latest release

Updated

irregular

Buildings, land use and facilities mapped by volunteers.

As of

Oct 2026 read

Updated

live

Volunteer-mapped; completeness varies by area.

Sites the state markets as certified or shovel-ready, with acreage and utilities.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

per state

The owner of record for the parcel at the point.

As of

per county

Updated

per county

From public assessor layers; confirm with the county recorder.

Published commercial and industrial rates by utility.

As of

Jul 2026 read

Updated

continuous

New load each substation could take before a transmission line reaches its rating, from a DC power flow on a public-data model of the grid, calibrated with the binding constraints the operators publish.

As of

model run Oct 20, 2026

Updated

re-run after each data refresh

Built from

HIFLD (U.S. DHS): Electric Power Transmission Lines, HIFLD (U.S. DHS) / EIA: Electric Substations, U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-860 (generators), U.S. Census Bureau: County population estimates (Vintage 2024), ERCOT: SCED binding constraints (NP6-86-CD), PJM Interconnection: Real-time marginal value of binding constraints (Data Miner 2), MISO: Real-time binding constraints report, Southwest Power Pool: RTBM binding constraints, NYISO: Limiting constraints, California ISO: OASIS real-time nomogram/branch shadow prices

No line impedances, exact ratings, transformer limits or contingencies (those are CEII). Validated: the solver matches PYPOWER exactly on Texas A&M's synthetic 2,000-bus grid; substations near held-out real bottlenecks score 23–48% lower.

Order-of-magnitude cost to connect the load: line position, new line to the site, customer substation, step-down transformers.

As of

MTEP26 unit costs

Updated

annual

Built from

MISO: Transmission Cost Estimation Guide for MTEP26, HIFLD (U.S. DHS) / EIA: Electric Substations

Network upgrades the utility's study assigns are extra; who pays is set by the utility's tariff.

Typical utility service voltage for the load size and the nearest substation that can supply it.

As of

live

Updated

live

Built from

HIFLD (U.S. DHS) / EIA: Electric Substations

Typical practice; the utility sets service voltage in its load study.

Whether two nearby transmission substations share no line, making them candidates for a dual feed.

As of

live

Updated

live

Built from

HIFLD (U.S. DHS): Electric Power Transmission Lines, HIFLD (U.S. DHS) / EIA: Electric Substations

True independence depends on bus configuration and upstream paths (the utility's one-line diagrams).

A 0–100 screening score blending 14 weighted factors.

As of

rescored Sep 17, 2026

Updated

monthly

Built from

HIFLD (U.S. DHS) / EIA: Electric Substations, HIFLD (U.S. DHS): Electric Power Transmission Lines, ERCOT, PJM, MISO, SPP, CAISO, NYISO, ISO-NE: Interconnection queues (all seven ISOs), U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-861 (utility sales and service territories), FEMA: National Risk Index, World Resources Institute: Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas, FCC: Broadband Data Collection

Places each market's constraint station codes on the map (HIFLD names plus hand-verified matches).

As of

Sep 2026

Updated

with each congestion refresh

Built from

HIFLD (U.S. DHS) / EIA: Electric Substations

≈ marks hand-placed or single-end matches.

Typical thermal rating (MVA) for the line's voltage class, used where the owner's actual rating isn't public.

As of

Mar 2026

Updated

static

Built from

HIFLD (U.S. DHS): Electric Power Transmission Lines

A voltage-class typical value; the owner's facility rating (conductor, terminal equipment, season) governs.

A screening MW tier for a site from the voltage of the nearest substation.

As of

Sep 2026

Updated

monthly

Built from

HIFLD (U.S. DHS) / EIA: Electric Substations

A voltage tier, not confirmed capacity; see the headroom estimate and the utility's load study.

Relative construction cost by county, from average construction wages against the national average (100).

As of

2024 wages

Updated

annual

Built from

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages

A wage-based proxy, not a contractor estimate.

Median years from request to operation, and the share of requests that complete, by state and market.

As of

data through 2024

Updated

annual

Built from

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Queued Up: interconnection queue data, ERCOT, PJM, MISO, SPP, CAISO, NYISO, ISO-NE: Interconnection queues (all seven ISOs)

Installed capacity above peak demand in the balancing area, as a percent.

As of

2025 data

Updated

annual

Built from

U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-860 (generators), U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-861 (utility sales and service territories), FERC (via Catalyst PUDL): FERC Form 714 (planning-area load)

Brownfields, retired plants, closed mines, industrial buildings, certified sites and greenfield points near transmission, deduplicated and scored.

As of

Sep 2026

Updated

monthly

Built from

U.S. Energy Information Administration: Form EIA-860 (generators), U.S. EPA: Assessment, Cleanup and Redevelopment Exchange System (ACRES), U.S. EPA: RE-Powering America's Land tracking matrix, Mine Safety and Health Administration: Mines data set, U.S. General Services Administration: Federal Real Property Profile (FY2024), State economic development agencies (VEDP, WEDC, Kentucky, Tennessee...): State certified and shovel-ready sites, OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL): OpenStreetMap, HIFLD (U.S. DHS) / EIA: Electric Substations

State posture toward large datacenter loads: moratoria, incentives, large-load rules.

As of

Oct 2026

Updated

reviewed quarterly

Each utility's stance on large loads, speed to energize, and tariff terms (minimum take, term, collateral) with the docket.

As of

Sep 18, 2026

Updated

reviewed quarterly

Terms flagged "verify" until read against the filing.

Whether the state offers a datacenter sales-tax or property-tax incentive, and its type.

As of

2024 programs, reviewed 2026

Updated

reviewed annually

Thresholds and sunset dates change; confirm with the state agency.

Approximate metro of each public cloud region.

As of

2026

Updated

as regions launch